The Science of Yoga

The Science of Yoga by William Broad – Fit Perfection

Fit Perfection

Many yoga teachers purport yoga as the only form of exercise you need to do.  And they often see their way of yoga as the only way.

In his book Bikram Yoga, Bikram Choudry (The founder of Hot Yoga), is quoted:  “So many Americans ruin their bodies by blindly running around ‘exercising’ and playing sports.  I tell my students, ‘No barbells, no dumbbells, no racket.’  Games are ok for children, for recreation and to teach them sportsmanship.  But after that, you must give up trying to put a little round ball in a hole all the time.”

Unfortunately, Bikram is not a reliable witness to anything at this time as he is charged with financial fraud and sexual misconduct.   The last news I read about Bikram suggests that he is hiding from prosecution and that his location is unknown.  But still, he has made superlative claims about what yoga can do for you.  I love what Bikram says, not because I think he is right, but I find the boldness of his claims laughable and the superlatives he uses immediately make me suspicious of anything he says.  But there is a part of me that understands how those same bold claims inspire people and remove any ambiguity.  Often we are so tired of making and weighing decisions that it is a breath of fresh air when someone says, unequivocally, “Do this”!  The danger here, however, is always one step away from the Dixie cup with the Kool-Aid!

William Broad on Bikram:

“In great detail, Choudhury explains why his yoga is superior to every other type of physical workout and why it deserves your attention – and perhaps most important – your money.  Remarkably, he rejects all other styles of yoga.  A standard estimate for the number of people who do yoga is twenty million (as of 2012), and Choudhury happily cites that number as representing a world of misguided souls.

“’Bogus Yoga’ is what he calls their practice.  He ridicules other approaches as watered down to accommodate American weakness and inflexibility.  Among the competition he scoffs at Kundalini, Ashtanga and Vinyasa (“which never existed in India”), as well as Iyengar (“he uses so many props in his method that his method is called ‘The Furniture Yoga’ in India’)  The newer brands, he added, are even more ridiculous. You’ve got Easy Yoga, Sit-at-Your-Desk Yoga, Yoga for Beginners, Yoga for Dummies, Yoga for Pets, and Babaar Yoga. It’s all Mickey Mouse Yoga to me.”

“The false prophets, he charges, shirk their responsibilities to ancient tradition and cheat students out of the ‘perfect life’ keeping them from the rewards of ‘optimum health and maximum function’.  In contrast, he portrays his own style in cartoonish superlatives:  ’You’ll become a superman or a superwoman.’” 

Will Bikram yoga make you a superman or a super woman?  Is Yoga all you need to keep fit?  This is the question William Broad seeks to answer in this chapter.  First he defines the question as to how do you measure fitness.  He quotes the studies and the scientists and institutions that did the work.  He follows the evolution of how science defined physical fitness.  It starts with vital capacity and vital index to VO2 max and aerobic capacity.  He talks about how hard it is to study yoga primarily because there is no money in it for large institutions and also because of the vast differences in the various styles of yoga.  He describes some of the studies that were done and are widely quoted but which have very little real scientific significance either because of the small size of the sample, the lack of a control group in the study and/or because some of the studies have been hailed as fact even though they were self published and not submitted to peer reviewed journals.  He doesn’t state this, but it is so easy to find an article on the internet that supports whatever claim you would like to believe.  Very often we read these things but don’t necessarily vet their veracity.

At the end of all of this, the conclusion is that yoga equaled or surpassed exercise in such things as: improving balance, reducing fatigue, decreasing anxiety, cutting stress, lifting moods, improving sleep, reducing pain, lowering cholesterol and raising the quality of life both socially and on the job.

But the scientists also spoke of a conspicuous limitation for an activity that had long billed itself as a path to physical superiority.  They noted that the benefits of yoga ran through all categories “except those improving physical fitness.”

While yoga may not be the only form of physical exercise you need, it’s most important benefit may be the fact that it can alter your moods.  And that is the subject of the next chapter.

The Science of Yoga:  The Risks and the Rewards – by William Broad

Opening quote:

There is no subject which is so wrapped up in mystery and on which one can write whatever one likes without any risk of being proved wrong.”
-- I.K. Taimini, Indian scholar and chemist on the obscurity of yoga. 

Prologue

Yoga has become so mainstream these days.  It seems like everyone is doing it: from babies in the womb during their mother’s pre-natal yoga classes all the way up through senior citizens living in assisted living facilities and everyone in between.   It has become so popular here in the west that it has even included in the annual Easter Egg Roll at the Whitehouse since 2009.

In his book, William Broad, a lifelong yoga practitioner, sorts out the myth and the hyperbole from the traditions and what we really know about the history and practice of yoga.  People have made many claims about what yoga can do for our health and well-being over the years.  Science supports some of these claims, but many aspects of yoga’s famous healing powers come from story and legend rather than scientific fact.  This is partly due to the fact that a lot of research done on yoga was often a hobby or a sideline. There is not a lot of money for research in something that cannot be turned into an expensive pill or medical device.

As Mr. Broad dove into the scientific research that had been done on yoga, he ran into my teacher Mel Robin.  As a scientist for Bell Labs for 30 years, Mel also turned his keen scientific eye towards yoga.  He has written three books on the science behind the practice of yoga.  Mel is listed in the Who’s Who of yoga at the beginning of this book and Mr. Broad quotes his research throughout the book.

One of the reviews on the book’s jacket warns us: “The Science of Yoga is a wonderful read that any yoga practitioner thirsting for authenticity should study carefully before suiting up”  --David Gordon White, author of Kiss of the Yogini

One important fact that Mr. Broad points out is that yoga has no governing body.  There’s no hierarchy of officials or organizations meant to ensure purity and adherence to agreed upon sets of facts poses, rules and procedures, outcomes and benefits.  There is also no government oversight, no Safety Commission or Administration to ensure that yoga lives up to its promises.  This can be very confusing for the beginner and even for seasoned yogis.  You never really know if what you've read or been taught is something that is truly coming from the history of yoga, or if it is just what someone made up to suit their purposes.  This happens a lot and is not necessarily a bad thing.  Personally, I like studying within the Iyengar lineage.  They have a long history of tradition, practice and they also have a research institute to study the effects of yoga.

All yoga is basically Hatha Yoga which is a practice that centers on postures and breathing meant to strengthen the body and mind.  Separate from the practice of physical postures is the ethical and philosophical side of yoga and the religious aspect of Hinduism.

Yoga differs from most other forms of exercise in that it goes slow rather than fast emphasizing static postures and fluid motions.  Its low-impact nature puts less strain on the body than traditional sports making it appealing for a wide variety of ages.  The greatest emphasis is on regulating the breath and creating an awareness of the body position in space.  Advanced yoga encourages concentration on subtle energy flows.  Overall, compared to sports and other forms of Western exercise, yoga seems safer and the focus is not just on the physical; the practice also draws the attention inward.

The book is organized into the following chapters which follows the development of scientific interest over the decades:
Health
Fitness
Moods
Risk of Injury
Healing
Sex
Inspiration

So, read along with me as Mr. Broad sheds light on the risks and rewards of yoga.

The Science of Yoga: The Risks and the Rewards by William J. Broad

This book came out in 2012.  I had read the New York Times review of the book and never wanted to read any more.  I think I was afraid that, by listing all of the risks, the book would ruin all the things I loved about yoga.  But I have to remind myself that the book also lists the rewards, too.

When my friend and mentor, Mel Robin, was downsizing and moving out of his house, he invited me to come over and take some of his vast book collection.  The Science of Yoga was one of the books I took.  It sat on my shelf for a while until I recently decided to pick it up.  In the prologue of the book, it mentioned MelRobin.  Well, that piqued my interest! I also saw that the author used Mel’s extensive work on the science of yoga as are source for his book.  It was this connection that caused me to commit to calling Mel up to make a lunch date.  And that is when I discovered that he had just passed away.

What we in the west have come to practice and know as yoga is very different from its ancient roots.  Read along with me to discover those ancient roots (some of which may surprise you!) and see what science can tell us about this ancient and ever evolving practice.